TOEFL Reading Practice

[1] Urban planning, the practice of designing and organizing cities and towns, has undergone significant transformations throughout history. In ancient civilizations, cities were often built around central marketplaces or religious structures, with little consideration for systematic planning. The Romans, however, introduced grid patterns and infrastructure systems that would influence urban development for centuries.

[2] The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries brought unprecedented challenges to urban areas. Rapid population growth and factory construction led to overcrowding, poor sanitation, and health crises in major cities. This period saw the emergence of modern urban planning as a distinct profession, with reformers advocating for parks, wider streets, and better housing conditions.

[3] The 20th century witnessed several influential planning movements. The Garden City movement, initiated by Ebenezer Howard in England, proposed self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts. Meanwhile, Le Corbusier's modernist vision emphasized high-rise buildings and automobile-oriented design. These contrasting philosophies continue to shape contemporary debates about urban development.

[4] Today's urban planners face new challenges, including climate change, sustainable development, and the integration of technology. Smart cities utilize data and digital infrastructure to improve efficiency and quality of life. However, critics argue that purely technological solutions may overlook social equity and community needs. The future of urban planning likely requires balancing innovation with inclusivity, ensuring that cities serve all residents effectively.