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Literature Review Phrases for Academic English

A well-written literature review synthesises research — it does not simply summarise it. These phrases give you the academic English toolkit to analyse and critique sources.

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Summarising and Reporting

  • [Author] argues/contends/maintains that...
  • According to [Author], ...
  • [Author] found that... / reported that... / demonstrated that...
  • A study by [Author] reveals...
  • In their investigation of X, [Author] observed that...

Evaluating and Criticising

  • However, this study is limited by... / a notable limitation of this work is...
  • While [Author] provides a useful framework, [weakness]
  • This conclusion is difficult to generalise because...
  • The sample size in this study (n = 30) is insufficient to...
  • These findings must be interpreted cautiously given that...

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Contrasting and Comparing

  • In contrast to [Author A], [Author B] argues that...
  • These results contradict earlier findings by [Author]
  • Both [Author A] and [Author B] agree that..., although they differ on...
  • Whereas [Author A] focuses on..., [Author B] emphasises...

Identifying Gaps

  • Despite extensive research on X, relatively little is known about Y
  • No study to date has examined...
  • Previous research has neglected to consider...
  • There remains a paucity of evidence regarding...
  • Existing literature has focused primarily on X, leaving Y under-explored

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